Postpartum Depression

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Postpartum Depression

Medically reviewed · Ratel Health editorial team · Sunday, 16 August 2026

A depressive episode that occurs during pregnancy or in the weeks to months following childbirth.

Overview

Postpartum depression is a depressive episode that occurs during pregnancy or within weeks to months after childbirth. It is more intense and longer-lasting than the brief mood changes sometimes called the “baby blues.”

Signs and Symptoms

Symptoms can include persistent sadness, loss of interest, excessive fatigue, feelings of guilt or inadequacy as a parent, changes in appetite or sleep beyond typical newborn-related disruption, and difficulty bonding with the baby. Experiencing one or more of these symptoms does not necessarily mean that a person has this condition. Diagnosis requires an appropriate clinical evaluation.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause is not fully understood. Hormonal changes after childbirth, sleep deprivation, prior history of depression, and psychosocial stress are each associated with increased risk.

Diagnosis

A diagnosis should be made by a qualified healthcare professional following a comprehensive clinical assessment. Clinicians may use established diagnostic frameworks such as DSM-5-TR and/or ICD-11 as part of a comprehensive assessment.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the individual’s symptoms, clinical history, severity, age, co-occurring conditions, and other relevant factors.

Psychotherapy

Cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy have evidence supporting their use for postpartum depression.

Medication

Certain antidepressant medications may be recommended, including options specifically studied for use during breastfeeding; decisions should be individualized with a prescribing clinician. Medication decisions should be made with a qualified prescribing healthcare professional. Do not start, stop, or change a prescribed medication based solely on information on this page.

Living With Postpartum Depression

Accepting practical support, prioritizing rest when possible, and staying connected with a treatment provider can help during recovery.

When to Seek Professional Help

Professional evaluation may be appropriate if symptoms persist, worsen, cause significant distress, or interfere with work, school, or relationships. Support should be sought promptly if there are thoughts of harming oneself or the baby.

Emergency Situations

If a person may be in immediate danger, is experiencing a medical or psychiatric emergency, or may harm themselves or another person, seek immediate assistance through appropriate local emergency services.

Outlook

Postpartum depression is treatable, and most people recover fully with appropriate support and treatment.

Related Conditions

Postpartum Anxiety

A condition involving persistent, excessive anxiety or worry occurring in the weeks or months following childbirth.

Postpartum Psychosis

A rare but serious condition involving the sudden onset of psychotic symptoms, such as delusions or hallucinations, within the weeks following childbirth.

Postpartum Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A presentation of obsessive-compulsive disorder occurring in the postpartum period, often involving intrusive, unwanted thoughts about harm coming to the baby.

Major Depressive Disorder

A mood disorder involving persistent sadness or loss of interest that interferes with daily life for at least two weeks.

Antenatal (Prenatal) Depression

A depressive episode occurring during pregnancy, involving persistent low mood and related symptoms that affect daily functioning.

Medical Information Disclaimer

Ratel Health provides general educational information and does not provide medical diagnosis, treatment, or individualized medical advice. Information on this page is not a substitute for evaluation or care from a qualified healthcare professional. Do not use this information to diagnose yourself or another person, or to start, stop, or change treatment or medication without consulting an appropriately qualified healthcare professional.

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR).
  • National Institute of Mental Health.
  • U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
  • World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision.