Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Medically reviewed · Ratel Health editorial team · Sunday, 16 August 2026

A neurodevelopmental condition involving persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity that interfere with functioning.

Overview

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that typically begins in childhood and can continue into adulthood. It involves patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that are more frequent and severe than typically observed at a given developmental stage.

Signs and Symptoms

Symptoms can include difficulty sustaining attention, disorganization, forgetfulness, fidgeting, restlessness, difficulty waiting one’s turn, and impulsive decision-making. Presentation can vary and may be predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, or combined. Experiencing one or more of these symptoms does not necessarily mean that a person has this condition. Diagnosis requires an appropriate clinical evaluation.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause is not fully understood. Genetic factors are strongly associated with ADHD, and differences in brain development and neurotransmitter activity are also implicated. Environmental factors during pregnancy or early childhood have been studied as possible associations.

Diagnosis

A diagnosis should be made by a qualified healthcare professional following a comprehensive clinical assessment. Clinicians may use established diagnostic frameworks such as DSM-5-TR and/or ICD-11 as part of a comprehensive assessment.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the individual’s symptoms, clinical history, severity, age, co-occurring conditions, and other relevant factors.

Psychotherapy

Behavioral therapy, parent training in behavior management, and skills-based coaching may help, particularly in children. Cognitive behavioral approaches can be considered for adults.

Medication

Stimulant and non-stimulant medications are commonly used and are FDA-approved for ADHD; they may be recommended depending on age, symptom severity, and individual response. Medication decisions should be made with a qualified prescribing healthcare professional. Do not start, stop, or change a prescribed medication based solely on information on this page.

Living With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Structured routines, organizational tools, adequate sleep, and regular follow-up with a treatment provider can support daily functioning.

When to Seek Professional Help

Professional evaluation may be appropriate if symptoms persist, worsen, cause significant distress, or interfere with work, school, or relationships.

Emergency Situations

If a person may be in immediate danger, is experiencing a medical or psychiatric emergency, or may harm themselves or another person, seek immediate assistance through appropriate local emergency services.

Outlook

Many people with ADHD manage symptoms effectively with appropriate treatment and support, although symptoms and their impact can change across the lifespan.

Related Conditions

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A neurodevelopmental condition involving differences in social communication and interaction, along with restricted or repetitive behaviors and interests.

Conduct Disorder

A childhood or adolescent condition involving a repetitive pattern of behavior that violates the rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A childhood-onset condition involving a persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, argumentative or defiant behavior, or vindictiveness toward authority figures.

Specific Learning Disorder

A neurodevelopmental condition involving persistent difficulties learning key academic skills, such as reading, writing, or math, despite appropriate instruction.

Medical Information Disclaimer

Ratel Health provides general educational information and does not provide medical diagnosis, treatment, or individualized medical advice. Information on this page is not a substitute for evaluation or care from a qualified healthcare professional. Do not use this information to diagnose yourself or another person, or to start, stop, or change treatment or medication without consulting an appropriately qualified healthcare professional.

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR).
  • National Institute of Mental Health.
  • U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
  • World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision.