Substance Use Disorders
A category of conditions involving a problematic pattern of substance use leading to significant impairment or distress.
Overview
Substance use disorders involve a problematic pattern of using alcohol, drugs, or other substances that leads to clinically significant impairment or distress, ranging in severity from mild to severe.
Signs and Symptoms
Signs can include using larger amounts than intended, unsuccessful efforts to cut down, cravings, continued use despite problems it causes, and withdrawal symptoms when not using. Experiencing one or more of these symptoms does not necessarily mean that a person has this condition. Diagnosis requires an appropriate clinical evaluation.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause is not fully understood. Genetic vulnerability, changes in brain reward pathways with repeated use, mental health conditions, and environmental factors are each associated with increased risk.
Diagnosis
A diagnosis should be made by a qualified healthcare professional following a comprehensive clinical assessment. Clinicians may use established diagnostic frameworks such as DSM-5-TR and/or ICD-11 as part of a comprehensive assessment.
Treatment
Treatment depends on the individual’s symptoms, clinical history, severity, age, co-occurring conditions, and other relevant factors.
Psychotherapy
Behavioral therapies, motivational interviewing, and structured programs such as cognitive behavioral therapy have evidence supporting their use.
Medication
Certain medications are FDA-approved to support treatment for some substance use disorders, particularly opioid and alcohol use disorders, and may be used alongside counseling. Medication decisions should be made with a qualified prescribing healthcare professional. Do not start, stop, or change a prescribed medication based solely on information on this page.
Living With Substance Use Disorders
Ongoing support such as counseling, peer support groups, and addressing co-occurring mental health conditions can support sustained recovery.
When to Seek Professional Help
Professional evaluation may be appropriate if symptoms persist, worsen, cause significant distress, or interfere with work, school, or relationships. Withdrawal from some substances can be medically serious, so professional guidance is recommended before stopping use.
Emergency Situations
If a person may be in immediate danger, is experiencing a medical or psychiatric emergency, or may harm themselves or another person, seek immediate assistance through appropriate local emergency services.
Outlook
Substance use disorders are treatable; many people achieve sustained recovery, though relapse can be part of the recovery process for some.
Medical Information Disclaimer
Ratel Health provides general educational information and does not provide medical diagnosis, treatment, or individualized medical advice. Information on this page is not a substitute for evaluation or care from a qualified healthcare professional. Do not use this information to diagnose yourself or another person, or to start, stop, or change treatment or medication without consulting an appropriately qualified healthcare professional.
References
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR).
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
- National Institute on Drug Abuse.
- World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision.