HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder
A form of major or mild neurocognitive disorder associated with HIV infection, ranging from mild cognitive changes to more significant impairment.
Overview
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder, a form of major or mild neurocognitive disorder, occurs in the context of HIV infection and can range from mild cognitive changes to more significant impairment affecting daily functioning.
Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms can include slowed thinking, difficulty concentrating, memory difficulties, and, in more severe cases, changes in motor function or behavior. Experiencing one or more of these symptoms does not necessarily mean that a person has this condition. Diagnosis requires an appropriate clinical evaluation.
Causes and Risk Factors
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder results from the effects of HIV infection on the brain; risk is influenced by how well the underlying HIV infection is controlled with treatment.
Diagnosis
A diagnosis should be made by a qualified healthcare professional following a comprehensive clinical assessment. Clinicians may use established diagnostic frameworks such as DSM-5-TR and/or ICD-11 as part of a comprehensive assessment.
Treatment
Treatment depends on the individual’s symptoms, clinical history, severity, age, co-occurring conditions, and other relevant factors.
Psychotherapy
Cognitive rehabilitation and structured support may help alongside effective HIV treatment.
Medication
Effective antiretroviral therapy for the underlying HIV infection is central to preventing and managing this condition. Medication decisions should be made with a qualified prescribing healthcare professional. Do not start, stop, or change a prescribed medication based solely on information on this page.
Living With HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder
Consistent antiretroviral treatment adherence is one of the most important factors in preventing progression.
When to Seek Professional Help
Professional evaluation may be appropriate if symptoms persist, worsen, cause significant distress, or interfere with work, school, or relationships.
Emergency Situations
If a person may be in immediate danger, is experiencing a medical or psychiatric emergency, or may harm themselves or another person, seek immediate assistance through appropriate local emergency services.
Outlook
With effective HIV treatment, many individuals experience stable or improved cognitive functioning.
Related Conditions
Medical Information Disclaimer
Ratel Health provides general educational information and does not provide medical diagnosis, treatment, or individualized medical advice. Information on this page is not a substitute for evaluation or care from a qualified healthcare professional. Do not use this information to diagnose yourself or another person, or to start, stop, or change treatment or medication without consulting an appropriately qualified healthcare professional.
References
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR).
- National Institutes of Health.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
- World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision.