A condition marked by a cluster of motor disturbances, such as immobility, mutism, or unusual movements, occurring in the context of another mental or medical condition.

Overview

Catatonia involves a cluster of psychomotor symptoms, such as stupor, mutism, rigidity, unusual posturing, or agitation, occurring in the context of another mental disorder, a medical condition, or without a clearly identified cause.

Signs and Symptoms

Symptoms can include marked decrease in reaction to the environment, unusual or rigid posturing, repetitive movements, mutism, and, in some cases, extreme agitation. Experiencing one or more of these symptoms does not necessarily mean that a person has this condition. Diagnosis requires an appropriate clinical evaluation.

Causes and Risk Factors

Catatonia can occur alongside mood disorders, psychotic disorders, or a range of medical and neurological conditions; the exact mechanism is not fully understood.

Diagnosis

A diagnosis should be made by a qualified healthcare professional following a comprehensive clinical assessment. Clinicians may use established diagnostic frameworks such as DSM-5-TR and/or ICD-11 as part of a comprehensive assessment.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the individual’s symptoms, clinical history, severity, age, co-occurring conditions, and other relevant factors.

Psychotherapy

Treatment primarily involves medical management; psychotherapy is generally not a first-line treatment during acute catatonic episodes.

Medication

Benzodiazepines are a standard first-line treatment for catatonia, and electroconvulsive therapy may be considered in severe or treatment-resistant cases. Medication decisions should be made with a qualified prescribing healthcare professional. Do not start, stop, or change a prescribed medication based solely on information on this page.

Living With Catatonia

Catatonia can be a medical emergency, particularly with fever, autonomic instability, or extreme agitation, requiring prompt medical evaluation.

When to Seek Professional Help

Professional evaluation may be appropriate if symptoms persist, worsen, cause significant distress, or interfere with work, school, or relationships.

Emergency Situations

If a person may be in immediate danger, is experiencing a medical or psychiatric emergency, or may harm themselves or another person, seek immediate assistance through appropriate local emergency services.

Outlook

Many individuals respond rapidly to appropriate treatment, particularly benzodiazepines, though the underlying cause also needs to be addressed.

Related Conditions

Medical Information Disclaimer

References

• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR).
• National Institute of Mental Health.
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
• World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision.